Surface Condensers

In surface condensers, there is no mixing of exhaust steam and cooling water. The condensate can be re-used in the boiler: In a surface condenser, even impure water can be used for cooling purposes, whereas in jet condensers, cooling water must be pure. Although the ca…

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Varignon’s Theorem

According to Varignon’s theorem, the algebraic sum of several concurrent forces about any point is equal to the moments of their resultant about the point. To prove Varignon’s Theorem, consider the force R acting in the plane of the body as shown in the above-left-side…

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System of Forces

When several forces of different magnitude and direction act upon a certain body, they constitute a system of forces . If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, it is called a coplanar force system . If the line of action of all the forces in a system pas…

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Types of Mechanical Forces

A force exerted on a body can cause a change in either the shape or the motion of the body. The unit of force in SI system is the newton (N) and CGS system is dyne. No solid body is perfectly rigid and when forces are applied to it, changes in dimensions occur. Such ch…

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Failure of Cutting Tools

Whenever the tool is not performing the machining operation satisfactorily, there is a cutting tool failure. The following drawbacks are observed if the tool fails. The tool ceases to produce the workpiece according to the required dimensions. The tool gets…

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Filler Metal and Fluxes used in Brazing

Commonly filler metals are used in brazing are listed in below Table 1, along with the principal base metals on which they are typically used. To be suitable as a brazing metal the following characteristics are needed: the melting temperature must be compatibl…

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Soldering, Brazing – Joining Process

In soldering and brazing processes, the metal parts being joined are heated but not melted and molten filler material is made to flow between the two closely placed adjacent surfaces by the capillary action. A strong joint between the parts is formed on cooling to room…

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