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The metalworking fluids applied in machining processes basically have three characteristics. They are: Cooling effect Lubrication effect Taking away the formed chip from the cutting zone. Selecting a metalworking fluid for a particular application and…

Steam condenser is an equipment in which the exhaust steam from the steam turbine is condensed by means of coolant (water). Thermal efficiency of a closed cycle power developing system using steam as working fluid and working on carnot thermodynamic cycle is given by …

The below table can be read like the table of comparison between the two types of engines and also as the merits and demerits of the two designs. 4-Stroke and a 2-Stroke Engine comparison S.no 4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine 1 One working stroke for ev…

In jet condensers, the exhaust steam and cooling water come in direct contact with each other, whereas in surface condensers they don’t mix with each other. The temperature of the cooling water and the condensate is the same in jet condensers when leaving the condens…

In surface condensers, there is no mixing of exhaust steam and cooling water. The condensate can be re-used in the boiler: In a surface condenser, even impure water can be used for cooling purposes, whereas in jet condensers, cooling water must be pure. Although the ca…

According to Varignon’s theorem, the algebraic sum of several concurrent forces about any point is equal to the moments of their resultant about the point. To prove Varignon’s Theorem, consider the force R acting in the plane of the body as shown in the above-left-side…

When several forces of different magnitude and direction act upon a certain body, they constitute a system of forces . If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, it is called a coplanar force system . If the line of action of all the forces in a system pas…