Dynamic programming is a sequential decision-making technique. It is a recursive technique, moving from the final stage to the initial stages. A decision taken at one stage influences the decisions in other stages. This technique is useful in a large number of multi-p…

The fractions formed during the petroleum refining process are fuel gas, propane, butane, light naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene, middle distillate, light gas oil, middle distillate, and heavy gas oil. The apparatus boiling temperatures of the fractions are listed belo…

When operating with electrical machines , the operator or user, for the first time, should be careful to avoid accidents . Based on the experience of many experts, some rules and regulations have been made for handling electrical appliances. In industry, an inquiry is …

Some general safety precautions that are to be taken care of in carpentry shops while working with carpentry tools to avoid injuries and accidents are covered in this article. Before starting any woodworking machine in a carpentry shop, it should be ensured that all…

Comparison of electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic systems can be done in aspects like energy source, energy storage, energy cost, distribution system, linear actuators, rotary actuators and controllable force. S.no Aspect Electrical Hydraulic Pneumatic …

Comparison of the Vapor Absorption System with the Vapor Compression System can be made in 9 aspects: energy input, moving part, evaporator pressure, load variation, evaporator exit, coefficient of performance, capacity,  refrigerant,  and lowest temperatures. S.n…

A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle to extract heat from another body or substance. Ice, cold water, cold air, etc., can be treated as refrigerants. Desired properties of Refrigerants: 1. Vapor density:…

In a liquid-cooling system , water or other solutions flow through the water jacket around the cylinder and cylinder head to absorb the heat. The hot liquid from the water jacket is cooled in the radiator, where circulated air absorbs the heat from the radiator. The co…

Comparison between work and internal energy can be made in the following ways. Comparison between work and internal energy can be made in the following ways. S.no Work Internal Energy 1 The work is the product of force and displacement in the direction…

The total energy of all the microscopic motion models is called internal energy (U) . Internal energy is the energy associated with the molecular structure and molecular activity of the system's constituent particles. In general, the individual molecules…

Comparisons between Flywheel and  Governors  are made in the following aspects: purpose, principle, application, and mechanism. S.no Flywheel Governors 1 Flywheel is provided on the engine and fabricating machines, viz., rolling mills, punching machines,…

A magneto ignition system is a unique ignition system that uses an electric generator to provide the required energy for the vehicle (automobile) system. It is mounted on the engine and replaces all components of the coil ignition system except the spark plug. When th…

A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage that drives a mating component known as a follower . From a functional viewpoint, a cam-and-follower arrangement is similar to the linkages. The cam accepts an input (rotary or linear) motion and imparts a r…

Comparison between battery ignition system and magneto ignition system can be made in aspects like an engine starting when the battery is discharged, efficiency, battery maintenance, space requirement, recharging, etc. S.no Battery Ignition System Magneto …

Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) is an arc welding process; an entire plasma arc is produced and directed toward the weld area. The arc is stable and reaches temperatures as high as 33,000°C. A plasma is a scorching ionized gas composed of nearly the same number of electrons …

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), also known as TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) welding , the filler metal is supplied from a filler wire as shown in the figure below. The tungsten electrode is not used during this welding operation; a constant and stable arc gap is maintaine…

The flux-cored arc welding process (FCAW) shown in the image below is similar to Gas Metal-arc Welding , except that the electrode is tubular in shape and filled with flux. Cored electrodes produce a more stable arc, improve weld contour, and improve the mechanical pr…

A machine tool is defined as one that can remove metal from a workpiece while holding the cutting tools to generate the requisite job of a given size, configuration, and finish. It is different from a machine, which essentially converts the source of power from one fo…

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is called metal inert gas (MIG) welding. In the gas metal arc welding process, the weld area is shielded by an inert atmosphere of argon, helium, carbon dioxide, or other gas mixtures. The consumable bare wire is fed automatically through …

In Submerged-arc Welding (SAW ), the welding arc is shielded by a granular flux of lime, silica, manganese oxide, calcium fluoride, and other compounds. Gravity flow through a nozzle feeds The flux into the weld zone from a hopper. The thick layer of flux completely co…

Shielded Metal-arc Welding (SMAW) is the simplest and is used for many joining processes. More than 50% of industrial and maintenance welding is currently performed by this process. In this welding operation, an electric arc is generated by touching the tip of a coate…

Comparison of solids, liquids and gases (fluids) can be done in aspects like macroscopic description, mobility of molecules, density, molecular spacing, effect of shear stress, effect of normal stress, viscosity and compressibility is represented below in tabular form…

A lathe machine is a mechanical device in which the workpiece is rotated against a suitable cutting tool to produce cylindrical forms in metal, wood or any other machinable material. Figure 1: Lathe machine Various types of lathe machine tools: Copy Lathe Automat…